Overcoming Sedimentation and Agglomeration in 2.0 Micron PSL Sphere Calibration
The physical behavior of monodisperse 2.0-micrometer polystyrene latex suspensions is governed by a critical hydrodynamic transition in which gravitational sedimentation, dictated by Stokes’ Law, rapidly supersedes Brownian kinetic diffusion, while short-range London-van der Waals attraction overcomes electrokinetic double-layer repulsion, accelerating irreversible agglomeration. Fluid Dynamics, Aerosol Physics, and Colloidal Mechanics of the 2.0 µm Boundary Calibrating […]
Calibrating for the Angstrom Era with Sub-20nm PSL Spheres
As semiconductor fabrication moves beyond the 3nm node and enters the Angstrom era, the margin for error in contamination control has effectively vanished. At these scales, a single particle smaller than 20 nanometers can result in a catastrophic killer defect on a wafer. To maintain high yield rates, metrology tools must be calibrated with absolute […]
